Scientists have developed various medicines and cured...

Scientists have developed various medicines and cured diseases by conducting biomedical research over the years. Animal research is one of the most common types of study in biomedical research. Statistics show that about 3.5 millions animals were used in biomedical research in the United Kingdom in 2009 (Festing 2010). Moreover, knowledge about the human heart and lungs has come from studies with dogs, and knowledge about the human immune system has been derived from mice (Gluck, Dipasquale, and Orlans 2002). Animal research helps to produce many vaccines and drugs, like penicillin, which, in turn, protect thousands of human lives. However, because of animal testing, lots of animals die and suffer during the research, which raises ethical†¦show more content†¦However, Edwin Converse Hettinger (2001) argued that just because the ability to recognize and claim rights rest solely with humans does not mean that only humans should enjoy these rights (288). Hettinger (2001) cites the fact that infants do not have the ability to make a rights claim, nor can they recognize the rights of others to do so, yet, they are given rights (288). Another example revolves around mentally disabled humans who do not have the capacity to make rights claims (Hettinger 2001 287). Some animals can perform â€Å"quasi-moral† functions, capable of conforming to the rules of right conduct. For example, dogs have the ability to be obedient, protective, and solicitous; however, there are severely retarded humans who could not achieve these minimal moral duties (Hettinger 2001 288). Moreover, Hettinger (2001) says that adult chimpanzees, pigs, parrots, and members of many other species far surpass humans when compared to infants and the mentally disabled in their abilities to act independently and with self-awareness (288). Thus, Hettinger (2001) believes that people should not so easily dismiss the fact that some animals are better able to perform moral functions than some h umans. Cohen’s view suggests that if most humans have the capacity for moral behavior, but some do not, then those who do not, still deserve moral consideration because they are â€Å"of a kind† (i.e., human kind). Consequently, Hettinger (2001)Show MoreRelatedScience Is An Empirical Science2247 Words   |  9 Pagessciences (studies phenomena), formal sciences (mathematics and logic based), and social sciences (human behavior). Natural science is an empirical science, which means that the knowledge collected must be from an observable phenomenon and must be have the means to be tested for validity by an third party with the same working conditions. Incorporated in natural science lies the branch of biology. Biology is devoted to studying living organisms and life respectively. Within biology, the fastest growingRead MoreClinical Research Past and Present6962 Words   |  28 PagesClinical Research Past and Present Tina Ross-Cruz Abstract Research disasters have been noted for years. In the early years, the reasons for these disasters was that there were no regulations governing the protection of human beings; and there were no guidelines for safety and efficacy of a new medication or treatment prior to the use in humans. Now regulations and guidelines are in effect for the protection of human subjects. These guidelines and regulations also protect the researchersRead MoreMicrobiology Research Paper6879 Words   |  28 PagesStaphylococcus aureus- Is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive, salt positive, cocci shaped bacterium. Staphylococcus aureus is found as normal part of the skin floral in the nasal passages and on the skin. An estimated twenty percent of people naturally have harmless Staphylococcus aureus on their skin and are long-term carries for Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common strand of Staphylococcus in humans to date, spread through skin to skin contact or even skin to o bject contact